new towns reading list
right to stand on the pavement
New Lives New Landscapes Revisited: Rural Modernity in Britain
select bibliography on new social movements, urban commons, and anti-globalisation protest
rhododendrons
BBC Radio 4 Analysis, ‘what’s the point of street protest?’
East London primary sources
The Cuckoo Cage at Womad 2022
MERL OSS lantern slide exhibition now online
Frow lecture at the WCML: trespass and enclosure

timeline

1671 1671
1723 1723
1817
1830
1832
1833
1836
1845 1845
1847
1859
1860
1863 1863
1865
1866
1876
1876 1876
1877 1877
1878 1878
1880
1881
1882
1884 1884
1887 1887
1888
1893
1899 1899
1906 1906
1906
1908 1908
1922 1922
1925 1925
1931 1931
1938
1939
1945 1945
1947 1947
1949 1949
1965 1965
1981 1981
1986 1986
1990 1990
1994
2002

1723

1723 Waltham Forest Black Act

1723: 9 George 1 c.22: The Black Act

1721 black act

1830

Royal Proclamation against Swing riots and trade disturbances, 1830

 

1832

1832 Prescription Act

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Will4/2-3/71/contents

acquisition of a right through long use – claims to rights of common and other profits a prendre after 60 years;

rights of way or easement 20 to 40 years

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/easements-claimed-by-prescription/practice-guide-52-easements-claimed-by-prescription 

1833

1836

1836 Inclosure Act 6 & 7 Will IV c115

common fields exempted from enclosure if they lay within 10 miles of London or 3 miles of a town of over 100,000 population

 

1845

General Inclosure Act 1845

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/8-9/118

if the commons were within 4 miles distance of large towns, and 15 miles of London, a proportion of the enclosed land had to be set out for recreation

10 acres above 10,000 population

8 above 5 to 10,000

5 above 2 to 5000

4 under 2000

general enclosure act 1845

1847

1847 Town Improvement Act

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/10-11/34/contents

consolidated provisions previously in local acts for improvement and simplified procedures for local authorities to acquire land for parks etc, provided the site was no moer than 3 miles from the principal market or the commissioners’ office.

1859

1859 Recreation Grounds Act 20 Vic c27

land not exceeding £1000 could be bequeathed for the purpose of providing public recreation grounds and playgrounds

 

 

1860

1860 23 and 24 Vic c30 Public Improvement Act

local authorities could levy rates to a max of 6d in the pound provided 2/3 ratepayers agreed to maintain land for public walks and recreation; half the cost had to be raised by subscription.

1863

1863 Town Garden Protection Act

brought 11 London squares under the oversight of the Metropolitan Board of Works.

1865

Commons Preservation Society formed

https://www.oss.org.uk/who-we-are/about-us/

https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/2fd7ff41-f2e7-394d-bf11-74d2a5e53a73

 

1866

Metropolitan Commons Act 29 and 30 Vic c122

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/29-30/122/contents

metropolitan commons act 1866

all commons within 15 miles of centre of London protected and regulated

1876

Kyrle Society formed

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/43789996.pdf

octavia hill kyrle society
Octavia Hill
Charity Organisation Review
New Series, Vol. 18, No. 108 (DECEMBER 1905), pp. 314-319

 

1877

1877 open spaces metropolis1877 Open Spaces (Metropolis) Act

1878

Corporation of London (Open Spaces) Act 1878

 

 

1880

Committee for Securing Open Spaces formed

 

 

1881

Metropolitan Open Spaces Act

enabled grounds to be transferred to local authorities for use as a public garden

debate in parliament – https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1906/jul/30/open-spaces-bill

 

 

1893

 

Barbed Wire Act 1893

1908

1908 Commons Act

made provision for agricultural management to control the turning out of animals onto common land

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Edw7/8/44/contents

1908 commons act

 

 

1922

Law of Property Act 1922

abolished copyhold and customary tenancies

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/12-13/16/contents

1922 law of property act

 

1949

1949 National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/12-13-14/97 

1949 national parks act

 

 

 

 

 

See  &Benevolence, nationalism and hegemony: fifty years of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949′, Leisure Studies, 18: 4 (1999)

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/026143699374871 

1965

Commons Registration Act 1965

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1965/64

commons registration act

 

1981

1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act

1981 wildlife and countryside act

considered a significant achievement and gave new political coherence to the policies and practices of nature conservation in Britain. By the end of the decade, some 8% of the land area of Britain was covered by an SSSI designation.

Carolyn M. Harrison and Jacquelin Burgess, ‘Social constructions of nature: a case study of conflicts over the development of Rainham Marshes’, Trans. Inst. Brit. Geog, 19: 3 (1994), 293.

1986

1986 Public Order and Criminal Justice Act

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/64 

public order act 1986

1990

Town and Country Planning Act 1990

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/8/contents

1990 town and country planning act

2002

2002 Land Registration Act

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/9/contents